Poem Analysis I, Too - 1088 Words

I, Too â€Å"I, Too† a poem written by Langston Hughes, in a perspective of an African American narrator during the Harlem Renaissance Era. He shared his feelings and thoughts about how he was treated an simply how he felt towards the way black people were being treated by the white people and segregation of race during the 20th century. The poem was written in five different stanzas in a form of free verse, meaning the poem does not rhyme or have a regular meter. The sentences of the poem were shorts but yet the tone was very strong. The poem is titled â€Å"I, Too†, the first and the last stanza of the poem ends with the same words. the authors idea is to remind his readers that no matter how different the way that he was being treated or his†¦show more content†¦This statement alone implies how stronger the African American community has grown that led the way to civil right movement. So while the white are isolating the black people counting them out as not American sending them to eat in the kitchen, the black community are actually is eating well growing strong. Hughes then proclaim â€Å"Tomorrow† in the third stanza hinting the future for all African American, that he† will be at the table when company come†. The authors tone on this specific piece was very demanding, yet screams a possibility and hopeful for equality. he continues by stating that no one will dare tell him â€Å"Eat in the kitchen†. The author uses the word â€Å"dare† as a warning or as an inform that soon he will be able to fit in and no one can tell him what and what not to do. The speaker ended his poem depicting his vision how they will see how beautiful he will become and will be ashamed. He reinforces his idea by ending the poem with â€Å"I, too am America.†. His motive in the last stanza was to let his readers know that after all the struggles that he been through he will rise above and be just as the same as his wh ite brothers and they’ll be ashamed because of the way how they have treated him. While writing the poem the speaker stresses some the good figurative language and images to express his vision and how he want the isolation of his people to come to an end. When he stated â€Å"Tomorrow†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem I Too 1053 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 2016 I Too-Poetry Essay Langston Hughes wrote his poems from those who influenced him the most, Carl Sandberg and Walt Whitman, (Biography.com Editors). Hughes poetry was written in the cultural times from the 1920s to 1930s, known as the Harlem Renaissance, (History.com Staff). This is where Harlem became famous to the whites because it drew so many African American writers from the south who wanted to flee an oppressive system, and freely express their inner talents. I too allowedRead MorePoem Analysis On I, Too, Sing America 1611 Words   |  7 PagesDai Yueh Cheng Dr. Smedley English 1B 9 March 2015 Poem analysis on â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† In the poem â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† by Langston Hughes, he envisions a greater America, a more inclusive America where all the races can proudly represent themselves as American citizens. Hughes was a leader of Harlem Renaissance, and had tremendous pride of his race as an African American. However, during that time period, African Americans were being considered as second-class race, and they were being segregatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem I, Too978 Words   |  4 Pagessecond-class citizens. Even with all the suffering Hughes found a positive side and managed to create inspiring poetry. In his poem â€Å"I, Too† he describes how domestic servants are treated by the owner when guests come to visit. Hughes uses this situation to create optimistic and patriotic poetry. Hughes views America as the land of freedom, equality and opportunity and he uses his poems to boost peoples pride and argue against racial injustice. Some critics mistake the simple form and language of HughesRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem, I, Too1193 Words   |  5 Pagestheir rights against those who tries to take it away. In the poem, I, Too, Langston Hughes shows that to be an American means that you should refuse to buckle under awful pressures. The speaker, an African American man, was denied the rights to sit down at the dinner table when company comes. However, the speaker â€Å"laugh and eat well and [grew] strong† then no one will dare say to him â€Å"eat in the kitchen† then. The African American man â€Å"too, am America.† The speaker decided to take the time in the kitchenRead MoreNature and the Free Flow of Emotion1230 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Wordsworth said, â€Å"Come forth into the light of things, let nature be your teacher† (Brainy Quote). According to the poet, we can gain all the knowledge necessary in life from nature. Wordsworth’s poem, â€Å"The World Is Too Much With Us,† can best be interpreted to mean that people have become too wrapped up in worldly things and have lost all appreciation for what nature has to offer. William Wordsworth was born April 7, 1770 in Cockermouth, Cumberland in England’s Lake District which is whyRead MoreI Am the World1431 Words   |  6 PagesI AM THE WORLD Translation by Karlo Antonio G. David My  translation  of Alejandro Abadilla’s poem â€Å"ako ang daigdig† has proven to be the most popular post in my blog thus far. Many of the search items that led people to the post indicate that an analysis was being sought. This consequently gave me the idea of making an analysis of my own. Here, I will make a close reading of the poem. I will proceed by using English, but will focus on the original Filipino text. Later I shall attempt to translateRead MoreEssay about Comparision of Wordsworth and Blakes Poems1523 Words   |  7 Pagesconvey different messages and themes in their poems, â€Å"The World is Too Much with Us† and â€Å"The Tyger† consecutively by using the different mechanics one needs to create poetry. Both poems are closely related since they portray different aspects of society but the message remains different. Wordsworth’s poem describes a conflict between nature and humanity, while Blake’s poem issues God’s creations of completely different creatures. In â€Å"The World is Too Much with Us,† we figure the theme to be exactlyRead MoreNotes On A Poem Unwritten1139 Words   |  5 PagesInstructions A poem unwritten is only a thought; unshared, unsaid— still less . . . for naught. Dwayne Donkersgoed â€Å"A Poem Unwritten† In the previous lessons you analyzed poetry; and you composed different types of poetry using various elements and devices. In this portfolio you will gather your best poetry to create a portfolio. You will submit this along with a poetry analysis for instructor review. Create A Poetry Portfolio Selecting Poetry for Your Portfolio Select two poems that you considerRead MoreEssay about the men admiring themselves on the water891 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿I have really been fascinated when I read William B. Yeats’ poem named â€Å"The Old Men Admiring Themselves In The water† which seems too short but includes more than what it looks in terms of meaning. Here, I tried to analyze his great but seeming little poem in terms of the physical characteristics of the poem,literary devices used in poem , emotions I have been felt by these literary devices,meaning of the poem and finally Why I chose this poem to analyze . Firstly ,I analyzed the rhyme schemeRead MoreQuestions On Lesson Construction Template1684 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept to be covered in this lesson.] â€Å"I really, really loved the book I just finished!†, said Angela. â€Å"It was probably the best book I have ever read!† â€Å"Wow,† answered Steve. â€Å"Why did you like it so much?† To convince Steve that he should read the book, Angela needs to analyze it for him. In other words, she needs to show him WHY she liked it so much using specific details and examples. In this lesson, you will learn how to create an effective analysis for a poem or other text. Today s lesson objective

The Ghetto By Mitchell Duneier - 1048 Words

Ghetto, is a well-written compilation of our histories best sociologists and their experiences, views, and ideas of the well know European and American ghettos. This book looks deeply into the invention of the Jewish ghettos back in Italy in the 1500’s, Jewish ghettos in the World War II era, and the black ghettos of Chicago, Harlem, and other large cities in the early 1940’s through our current period. The author, Mitchell Duneier, took the work of some of the world’s most renowned artifacts of history and of today and wrote a book that is directly correlated to the devastated of racism, segregation, and discrimination. The book describes the direct outcome of â€Å"white supremacy† in the eras of time that induced the ghetto. Without clearly describing the beginning of the ghetto, one cannot fully understand the true history and meaning. I believe that Duneier put together an empowering piece of work that does just that. He thoroughly brings you back to the beginning and gives you a true sense of the concept. He not only uses social scientists and their work, but he brings you in in a way that feels like you are actually there. His descriptive nature and feeling behind his work allows one to truly feel the emotions he put into it. I now feel that I have a more in tuned sense of history and understanding of the meaning behind something that was and still is such a big part of us as Americans. I think the purpose of writing this book is for people to understand the reasons whyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Slims Table: The Life Of A Working Class Black Person1082 Words   |  5 PagesBlack Person Slims Table, written by Mitchell Duneier has been called a true stereotype buster due to its content in which it truthfully examines the lifestyles of working class black men. The book is designed to break the common misconceptions imbedded in a majority of peoples minds over how a black man lives his life and why he in a sense does what he does, thinks what he thinks, and acts the way he acts. Prior to the writing of this book by Duneier, there were many common stereotypes ofRead MoreUrban Poverty: The Underclass Essay2609 Words   |  11 Pages In tackling the problem of urban poverty, William Julius Wilson calls for a revitalization of the liberal perspective in the ghetto underclass debate. He claims that liberals dominated the discussions with compelling and intelligent arguments until the advent of the controversial Moynihan report in 1965, which claimed that â€Å"at the heart of the deterioration of the Negro society is the deterioration of the Negro family† (Moynihan), After that, liberals avoided any research that might

Classification Essay Research Paper 1ClassificationBy Gerald Abdesaken free essay sample

Classification Essay, Research Paper 1 Categorization By Gerald Abdesaken and Justin Brown Science-6th period March 26, 1998 Problem Investigate the method of categorization used by scientists today. Hypothesis If we classify a group of random objects, so we can individualise each object. Materials List drawing pin glass slide seed gum elastic band trial tubing paper cartridge holder pin pencil lucifer penny wool strand plastic tie chalk file card Datas Kingdom1 ( School ) Kingdom2 ( non school ) File cardplastic tietest tubepennypencilthumbtackchalkseedpaper clipwool strandglass slidesafety pinrubber bandmatch Kingdom School Phylum: WritingPhylum: Non-Writingpenciltest tubechalkglass slidefile cardpaper cartridge holder A. Phylum Writing is School objects involved in authorship, phylum Non-writing is school objects non used in authorship. Figure 1 Kingdom: School Non-School Phylum: Writing Non-Writing B. All objects in the same phylum are in the same land. Figure 2 Kingdom: SchoolNon-School Phylum: WritingNon-WritingEasily Mildly DifficultFlexib. Flexib. Flexib. Items in Easily Flexible: Plastic tie, wool strand, and gum elastic set C. Phylum: Easily Flexible gt ; Class: RubberClass: Non-Rubber Way for gum elastic set: Non-School- Easily Flexible- Rubber Way for Wool Strand: Non-School- Easily Flexible- Non-Rubber D. All points in the same category are in the same phylum, all points in the same phylum are in the same land. Decision Scientists classify objects for 3 grounds. First, it shows relationships among beings by grouping them together. Second, they use the genus and the species as the name for the being. Third, the categorization system is the same worldwide. We separated the objects from lands, to phylum, so to category. Our lands were the School and Non-School groups. If we were to add a cork and a nail, they would bodge travel to the Non-School land. Classify: Kingdom: Animal Phylum: FliesSwimsStays Stationary Class: Stingers No Stingers Pointed Round Star Shaped Head Head Each category does non needfully have to hold the same figure of beings or have the same figure of categories for each phylum. 1. Student A separated this by environment, air or sea. 2. Student B separated this by eyes or no eyes. 3. All animate beings in the same phylum do non belong in the same category. 4. A. This group has anchors. B. Can populate in land and H2O. 5. Classs are more specific than lands. ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;

Swot Playstation free essay sample

A well-structured and user-friendly online appearance reflects the identity of a successful company and its products. Thus, e-marketing has to be combined with the classic marketing tools in order to develop an effective marketing strategy. The aim of this report is to compile an e-marketing plan for an existing company and to state and describe the core aspects of the company’s existing Internet marketing strategy as well as to analyse and evaluate the company’s current position and identify opportunities for improvement. By using Sony PlayStation as a relevant industrial example the implications of the analysis will be discussed, as well as the evaluation, planning for practitioners and marketing decision-makers. 2. E-Marketing First of all, the term ‘e-marketing’ has to be defined in this context. The notation ‘electronic marketing’ â€Å"refers to the application of marketing principles and techniques via electronic media and more specifically the Internet† (Quirk. biz, 2006). There is lots of evidence that e-marketing is a very important field, if not even â€Å"at the heart of e-business† as and Smith (2008, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Playstation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3) claim. Although, it can be related differently to e-commerce and e-business, namely, overlapping, replacing or involving, its principal task is to provide direct access to the customer in order to obtain a better understanding of their needs and get closer to them. Moreover, adding value to products and widening distribution channels to boost sales, for instance, represent further functions of e-marketing (Chaffey and Smith, 2008). Therefore, its components are intimately connected with those of marketing in general but based on the Internet (Quirk. iz, 2006). â€Å"(†¦) eMarketing encompasses all the activities a business conducts via the worldwide web with the aim of attracting new business, retaining current business and developing its brand identity. † (Quirk. biz, 2006) So, as this quote summarises, the internet helps over all small firms to reach a huge international audience in a short time and a relatively cost-effective way. Furthermore, this two-way communic ation channel allows interaction with the customer, while conventional marketing is largely about advertising the brand only (Quirk. biz, 2006). Another advantageous difference to traditional marketing represents amongst others the independence of the location where the business takes place. The internet enables the supplier to communicate with the customers make a deal without being physically present (Bach, 2007). 3. Marketing Mix The marketing mix is a well-established framework with which marketers can plan their approach to their target market. The model became famous in the 1960s when Jerome McCarthy talked the first time about the â€Å"4P’s† in marketing: product, place, price and promotion. Those are elements, which should help to plan the marketing strategy. The above mentioned model was extended by Booms and Bitner (1981), because in their point of view the model was only suitable for products, but not for the service industry. So they created the â€Å"7P’s†, which means they added three more â€Å"P’s†; physical evidence, people and process to the existing model. As a company you should sell only a product, which is affordable, can be delivered, and which has a high qualitative standard. In the online world there is always the opportunity for launching new versions, or slightly different variations and even new products. Within the internet industry the prices change minute-by-minute, so they put the market prices under pressure, with methods like price comparison and auctions, the internet business can reach a reduction in the offline market prices. Changes in the place of distribution, promotion, purchase and usage of products are considered, when the place is specified as an element of mix. It is same online and offline: increasing the presentation and making it widely accessible to the customers and is the principle. Online, there are a lot of options to promote a product from advertisements, PR, selling, direct mail, merchandising, exhibitions, sponsorship and packaging to word of mouth and all should be reviewed for the promoting part of the marketing mix. There are also some devising key issues, for example, integration, creativity and globalisation for the promotional mix. People are online and offline a significant contributor, and in case they make the difference. A company has to find the balance between automatic online customer service and traditional human service, for providing the clients the service and quality and, while they also need to minimize the service costs. For online distribution companies, the quality of the site is the physical evidence, so it is very important to reassure, that the customers who buys intangible services online, through a site that is meeting acceptable standards of speed and an which is easy use. On the one hand, a company can create an advantage in the competitive market with good processes and systems, but on the other, poor processes can damage the brand or kill the sales. Briefly summarized, all processes impact customers in terms of product and service quality. (Cp. Chaffey and Smith 2008, pp. 50-89) 4. Target market According to Internet World Stats (2011) the most import online markets are North America, Oceania / Australia and Europe. Therefore, around 80 per cent of the North American households have access to the World Wide Web, followed by Oceania / Australia as well as Europe with around 60 per cent of Internet users. These figures show clearly the importance of an online presence and, therefore, an elaborated e-marketing plan in these countries. Although the main focus of e-marketing concentrates on the well-developed countries, Asia and Africa are highly proposed to become big future players (Internet World Stats, 2011). 5. Sony PlayStation According playstation-presse. e (2011) Sony Computer Entertainment Europe (SCEE), with the headquarter in London, is responsible for distribution, marketing and sales for the hardware as well as for the software for the products of PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, PSP (PlayStation Portable) and PlayStation Network in 99 countries in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Oceania / Australia. In addition, Sony PlayStation develops, publishes, promotes and distributes game softwa re for these formats and accounts third party programs for the platforms of Sony Computer Entertainment Europe territories. Since the launch from the PlayStation 3 gaming console in November 2006 over 55. 5 million units were sold. With more than 153. 6 sold units PlayStation 2 still belongs to the most successful consumer electronics products in history. Since the launch by end of 2004 more than 73 million units of PlayStation portable gaming consoles were sold worldwide, which highlights the importance of the portable gaming. Throughout the increasing interest and the growth of network applications and network-gaming, over 1. 91 billion downloads of more than 90 million users could be registered at the interactive and free PlayStation Network. . Homepage 6. 1 Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) The PlayStation homepage is easily accessible through search engines such as Google or Yahoo. Therefore, the Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) gives the user the possibility to enter the sub pages directly. The first impression of the landing page gives a well-structured overview of all the different sections. Throug h the graphical elements such as pictures, animations and videos consumers are attracted and curious about the content of the page, whereas other pages overwhelm the consumers by presenting too much text. Therefore, visitors are more likely to stay on the page and spend time by informing themselves about the different products. The website provides the latest information about Sony products. Moreover, this page is linked to a PlayStation Blog where the producers introduce their new technical innovations. The header is divided into two parts. The upper part provides all significant links to the diverse products such as PlayStation Network, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2. The lower bar focuses on the social aspects such as the Forums or the PlayStation Blog. Every link leads to subpages, which are again divided into different sections to gain an insight into the different products and services. The footer, placed on the bottom of the page, has a very clear design and is easy to navigate throughout the sections mentioned before. One of the main focuses of the homepage lies on social networks, where a significant part of the landing page deals with a Facebook integration. Users will find the ‘Facebook-Recommend’-button on news, support and competition pages on eu. playstation. com. By clicking on this button, users can quickly and easily let their friends know which PlayStation content they like. Users can post comments and share all the latest PlayStation happenings on the Wall along with the rest of the PlayStation community and their friends. Furthermore, they can share their excitement and enthusiasm with the community by letting them know exactly how much they want to play an upcoming release on PlayStation, rate any game that they already own on PS3 and PSP and find out, if their friends own it too. By further investigation a ‘Twitter’- and ‘Google+’-button are placed on one of the sub-pages. Compared to the Facebook Integration window the other social media links are not set on the landing page and, therefore, hard to find. Another significant part the of the landing page deals with the gaming software by providing the visitors with information on gaming software regarding release date, general information about the games, multiplayer experiences and add-ons. Furthermore, every game is linked to a specially designed subpage which also leads to the official product site. Moreover, users have the possibility to follow certain games on Facebook by ‘liking’ the link provided on these gaming sub sites. 7. E-Marketing Plan 7. 1 SWOT Analysis SWOT is an â€Å"acronym where the letters stand for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treatsâ€Å", as shown in table 1 (Evans et al. , 2003, p. 196). Its aim is to visualise the possible results and effects of an intended project, for instance, after an analysis has been carried out. Thus, it â€Å"provides a platform for going on to formulate the strategy for the futureâ€Å" (Evans et al. , 2003, p. 197). StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats well-structuredtoo many linksimplementation of a keyword searchpage seems confusing ? visitors are leaving the site visual contentrequires a lot of RAMsimpler animationscapacity overload ? browser crashes product presentation and informationno direct sale via online shopsetting up an official PlayStation online shopSkipping retailers ? loss of sales partners Table 1: SWOT analysis by the authors (2011) According to the SWOT analysis the page is well-structured, but has too many links which may confuse the visitors while navigating through the site. Eventually, this could cause a loss of traffic. A possible solution would be an implementation of a keyword search in order to help the user to find the requested information easier and faster. A further strength represents the visual content, which attracts lots of visitors to stay longer on the site by providing many pictures and recent videos of the latest products. Although the website is well-designed and modern, the majority of the flash animations require a high random access memory (RAM) as well as a fast internet connection. Otherwise, the animations are rather stalled than flowing and it may cause a capacity overload followed by a crash of the browser. This problem could be prevented by providing a simple hypertext mark-up language (HTML) view. Although the product presentation and information on the web page is well-arranged, a direct sale opportunity via an online shop is missing. Skipping retailers by creating an official online store could increase the sales on the one hand, but on the other it may cause a loss of sales partners. Through the comparison of the results gained from the SWOT analysis a more specific marketing strategy is provided by the following SOSTAC analysis, which is a commonly used method to create a marketing plan. 7. 2 SOSTAC Model The SOSTAC-acronym stands for Situation analysis, Objectives, Strategy, Tactics, Action and Control and derives from Smith in the 1990s. The initial situation analysis, which can carried out, for example, by a SWOT analysis, defines the present position of the company. Afterwards, the aim and its objectives were formulated followed by a strategy, including the definition of the target market. In addition, the concrete tactic must be determined by defining the tools of the strategy in more detail. Finally, the specific actions required for the implementation must be identified. To conclude, the whole process, the success or failure must be evaluated by reviewing, updating and modifying. (Cp. Smith 1998 paraphrased in Businessballs 2006) Thus, this model is well applicable to create an e-marketing plan for Sony PlayStation: Situation: At the moment the PlayStation homepage is well-structured, informative and product related. Objectives: Through integrating an official online store traffic should be increased and, consequently, the product sales should rise. Strategy: Set up an official online store run by Sony PlayStation. Tactics: Every visitor of the homepage is more likely to become a customer by providing special offers via an online store. Action: Hiring a company (web designer) which develops and implements the PlayStation online shop. Control: Maintenance – this means to control the traffic on the website in order to analyse and improve the online appearance. 8. Conclusion To summarise, the customers represent the number one priority within a company and, therefore, the company’s main task is to attract, keep and maintain their loyalty. This can be done by developing an in-depth marketing plan including an e-marketing plan. As demonstrated above, the implementation of the SWOT-analysis and the SOSTAC-model is the initial framework to create a strategy plan. In the case of Sony PlayStation, this means adding an option for online sales to their already well-designed homepage might increase their overall product sales and, consequently, their business volume. For the implementation of an online store a web designer might be required. As mentioned before, the whole process needs to be monitored constantly, which includes obtaining regularly the customers’ feedback. All in all, related to the results of the analysis an e-marketing plan represents an essential tool for developing a successful webpage. References Bach, B. (2007) Implications of Enabling Technologies for Apple Inc. : Cybermarketing and enabling technologies. Googlebooks [Online]. Available at: http://books. google. co. uk/books? l=enlr=id=yJbwFr1M4HUCoi=fndpg=PA2dq=emarketing+independence+of+location+ots=j7bgNOf78asig=jQRagQ8cBrj0cpskyc2B2lM00M#v=onepageq=independence%20of%20locationf=false (Accessed: 16 November 2011). Chaffey, D. Smith, P. R. (2008) eMarketing eXcellence: Planning and optimising your digital marketing. 3rd edn. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Chapman, A. (2006) Businessballs [Online]. Available at: http://www. businessballs. com/pr_smiths_ sostac_plan ning_method. htm (Accessed: 16 November 2011). Evans, N. , Campbell, D. Stonehouse, G. (2003) Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism. EBLIB [Online]. Available at:

Free Essays on Eliza

DAUGHTER OF FORTUNE â€Å" †¦.there is a message that love is transient and illusory, that is the beginning of a journey of self-discovery, not the end†. To what extent is this true for Eliza and Rose? Eliza met Joaquin Andieta and in this moment she fell in love with him. She dreamed about him, he was perfect. He appeared in her dreams every night. It became to be an obsession. Love is illusory, â€Å"she came to have such mastery of this art that her illusory lover appeared in bodily form, she could touch him, smell him, and heard his voice†. In this part of the book, we can see, that the sentence â€Å"love is illusory† becomes to be true. Eliza did not know Joaquin very, but she had exalted him so much in her dreams that she was meeting somebody who did not exist. At first all was perfect. She thought that love between them was romantic and sincere. It was romantic and passionate, but not sincere. This love did not last very long. Joaquin went to California to look for gold, and he never came back to Eliza. She spent a big part of her life looking for him, but it was impossible to find him. Eliza traveled through California with the hope to see him. She did not realize that the Joaquin of her dreams did not exist. One of the reasons of the search was that Eliza was pregnant of Joaquin, but in her travels, she lost the child. Even so, she wanted to find him. Never found him. She only found a boy whose name was similar to Joaquin. She found a dead boy who had been a killer and a bandit in his life. I think that Eliza realized her big mistake when she found Joaquin dead and different. He was not her lover, she had spent a lot of years looking for a illusory love. Joaquin Andieta did not exist. He only existed in her dreams. For this reason, love is illusory. People need to have this kind of love, but only a few, achieve it. Love is transient. Transient mean, that it has an ending. Eliza had love for a short time. ... Free Essays on Eliza Free Essays on Eliza DAUGHTER OF FORTUNE â€Å" †¦.there is a message that love is transient and illusory, that is the beginning of a journey of self-discovery, not the end†. To what extent is this true for Eliza and Rose? Eliza met Joaquin Andieta and in this moment she fell in love with him. She dreamed about him, he was perfect. He appeared in her dreams every night. It became to be an obsession. Love is illusory, â€Å"she came to have such mastery of this art that her illusory lover appeared in bodily form, she could touch him, smell him, and heard his voice†. In this part of the book, we can see, that the sentence â€Å"love is illusory† becomes to be true. Eliza did not know Joaquin very, but she had exalted him so much in her dreams that she was meeting somebody who did not exist. At first all was perfect. She thought that love between them was romantic and sincere. It was romantic and passionate, but not sincere. This love did not last very long. Joaquin went to California to look for gold, and he never came back to Eliza. She spent a big part of her life looking for him, but it was impossible to find him. Eliza traveled through California with the hope to see him. She did not realize that the Joaquin of her dreams did not exist. One of the reasons of the search was that Eliza was pregnant of Joaquin, but in her travels, she lost the child. Even so, she wanted to find him. Never found him. She only found a boy whose name was similar to Joaquin. She found a dead boy who had been a killer and a bandit in his life. I think that Eliza realized her big mistake when she found Joaquin dead and different. He was not her lover, she had spent a lot of years looking for a illusory love. Joaquin Andieta did not exist. He only existed in her dreams. For this reason, love is illusory. People need to have this kind of love, but only a few, achieve it. Love is transient. Transient mean, that it has an ending. Eliza had love for a short time. ...

Recommended Business Writing Style Guides

Recommended Business Writing Style Guides MOST RECOMMENDED The Gregg Reference Manual:A Manual of Style, Grammar, Usage, and Formatting, 11th EditionWilliam A. Sabin, McGraw-Hill, 2011 The Gregg Reference Manual is intended for anyone who writes, edits, or prepares material for distribution or publication. For over fifty years this manual has been recognized as the best style manual for business professionals who want to master the on-the-job standards of business professionals. FOR NEWSLETTERS AND BLOGS The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media LawEdited by Darrell Christian, Sally Jacobsen, and David Minthorn, Associated Press, 2010 The Associated Press Stylebook, first published in 1977, clarified the news organization's rules on grammar, spelling, punctuation, and usage. Now in its sixth edition, the Stylebook is the standard style guide for most U.S. newspapers, magazines, public relations, and consulting firms. FOR PROOFREADERS The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th EditionThe University of Chicago Press, 2010â€Å"Chicago† is the bible of book publishers. We refer to â€Å"Chicago,† but it is a specialist’s volume. Unless you’re a professional editor or proofreader, this style guide is not needed by most business writers. FOR EVOLVING LANGUAGE Garner's Modern American Usage, 3rd EditionBryan A. Garner, Oxford University Press, 2009I like this resource because it includes a "Language-Change Index," which indicates how well accepted a term is, ranging from Stage 1, widely considered incorrect, to Stage 5, universally accepted as correct. Because business writing language is ever-evolving, this is a helpful guidebook to determine if a usage is now acceptable. FOR UK AND US ENGLISH STYLE DIFFERENCES The Economist Style Guide, 2011 Edition This guide contains a very helpful section on American and British English. American and British business writing is essentially identical. There are spelling and minor punctuation differences, that this text illustrates perfectly. By the way, you should construct documents in your style. If you are British and writing to an American, for example, use British English, rather than American English. Do not use idiomatic expressions or vague phrasings, of course. There is never any significant misunderstanding between UK and US English, as long as one avoids idiom and writes clearly. Trying to adopt a style and voice that is not your own rings false. INTERNAL STYLE GUIDE Do you wish to compile style guidelines, unique to your organization? For example, you may have specific terms you want used with consistency in all documents. Many organization compile an internal style guide, and share it with all employees. Many thanks to the ASTD LinkedIn group for sharing a generic internal style guide, which you can use as a model. (Yet, another reason you should join LinkedIn if you have not yet done so!) Download a copy of this Business Writing Style Guide Internal Template.

Paper-11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper-11 - Essay Example However, there is a recent paradigm shift in the perception and treatment of apotemnophilia, due to the increasing number of people who manage to get amputated in hospitals merely for this, or in cases where they fail, amputate themselves. If one could consider apotemnophilia in similar terms as gender identity crisis where transgender people feel trapped in the wrong body, the overtly sexual aspect attached to this condition could be warded off, so as to bring in a pragmatic approach to deal with it. Dr. Robert Smith, who had carried out a few controversial amputations on apotemnophiles who claimed to be happy with their changed physical selves, even considers it as a neurophysical disorder with biological roots. However, the ethical issues related to performing an amputation of a perfectly healthy limb of a patient have invited a lot of debate. It remains to be seen whether it can be seen as similar to sex reassignment surgeries. In the present circumstances in which people suffering from this disorder are taken into serious consideration, the incidence of amputations catering to apotemnophiles may increase drastically in the years to come. The after effects of such surgeries can be far reaching and unique. In the c ase of sex reassignment surgery, the patients may not have to undergo as much practical difficulties in life as in the case of an apotemnophile who would manage to get an amputation as s/he desires. Living without a limb calls for many related issues, and may leave the patients dependant on others for the rest of their lives. The fact that they would consider this situation desirable may make the issue complex, but one has to make sure whether they can be seen the better judges on the matter. If apotemnophilia happens to be a sexual disorder similar to pedophilia or necromancy, it has to be kept in check for the greater common

Communication for Managers Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication for Managers Final Exam - Essay Example 23). First, Speaking slowly and clearly is one of the strategies used in global business, to address communication barriers. This is because many people fail to understand what the other person is saying due to speed of communication leading to vague meaning. Thus, this strategy gives an opportunity for foreigners to understand what the native speakers are saying (Guffey, 2009). Second, asking for clarification addresses communication barriers, to gain a deeper understanding of the subject mater. Thus, it is wise to allow one to ask a question to ensure that the intended information has reached the required party (Hogan & Stubbs, 2003, p. 34). Frequently checking for understanding is a third strategy used in avoiding communication barrier. When communicating with someone, ask questions to establish whether the communication objectives are realized (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2011, p. 32). Fourth, defining the basics of business is another strategy of avoiding communication barrier. When the objectives of business are clearly communicated to individuals, then chances of misconception are significantly reduced (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2011, p. 23). Finally, Careful selecting communication media is another strategy used to avoid communication barrier. Some of communication channels used creates communication barriers. Thus, it is essentially for an individual to use proper communication media. For example, when wanting to communicate abroad using of email may be more reliable communication media than use of telephone (Thompson, 2004, p. 56). Globalization of business poses a significant intercultural communication challenges. This is because culture differ across nations; thus, the need to adopt appropriate strategy to enhance effective intercultural communication. These strategies include the following. The organization should educate its staff on various cultural practices present at the

Essay on the importance of education Essay Example for Free

Essay on the importance of education Essay The term education is derived from Latin, word ‘educere’, ‘educare’ and ‘educatum’ which means to ‘to learn’ , ‘to know’ and ‘to lead out’. Education is the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university: a course of education, the theory and practice of teaching. A body of knowledge acquired while being educated. In some occasions I would personally say that I am not always learning, this can be caused by: lack of focus; teacher being absent; cover teachers; teacher being unable to teach the subject well; destructive students or no interest in a topic. French is a pleasant subject to learn as it comprises a lotof active and team work which requires a lot of studying and patience. During the period of exams, later on the month of May 2012, I found myself talking and disrupting the class (due to the lack of focus) which was odd as French was one of my strongest subjects and a few in which I enjoyed. The reason for this was that my teacher was absent and we had a cover teacher which I imminently then thought that I had the privilege to mess about for there will be no consequences but I was wrong†¦ The only person this affected was me myself and this caused me into failing French with an E. One day in my Science class around mid March, we were studying momentum and I found myself tuned in with the lesson (which doesn’t happen often) and was fully focused which resulted to improving my understanding of the topic and Iaccumulated more information about it. The reason being was that the lesson was a mixture of practical active learning and theoretical learning. This made me to enjoy, have fun and partake in the lesson. I really did learn a lot despite my weakness and hatred for science. ‘Education is life itself’ Some people would agree with the statement that education is life itself and utter that education is the most powerful weapon and the key to success. Referring to the bible in Ecclesiastes7:12 ‘For the protection of wisdom is like the protection of money and the advantage of knowledge is that wisdom preserves the life of him who has it’. This quote may suggest that the survival of one may depend upon their knowledge. Being educated is an advantage in life so therefore we should cherish and preserve it as we would protect money. On the other hand, other people may disagree with this statement and say that education isn’t life itself for some people are not well educated but have managed to become successful,people such as:Abraham Lincoln, John D. Rockefeller, Amancio Ortega Gaona and many more. This comes to show that knowledge isn’t just the approval on a paper (degree) but can be physical and specialized skills. Also other unfortunate people mostly in LEDCs (less economically developed countries) such as: Egypt, Mali, Haiti, Ghana,Ukraine, Libya, Vietnametc but does this mean that due to lack of being educated results to individuals from these countries to not be successful ?Of course not. Finally, in my belief I think that education is very beneficial to all. From my personally experience I would say that living does in fact educate me, why? In the past I made mistakes that I had to learn from such as revising a week before an exam to major mistake as forbidden sins from the bible (The 10 commandments) but that’s alright because life never came with instructions. We all came to learn, to conquer and to succeed. Robert M. Hutchins aforementioned: ‘Education is not to reform students or amuse them or to make them expert technicians. It is to unsettle their minds widen their horizons inflame their intellects teach them to think straight. If possible’ sowhy is it that the older generation put a lot of pressure on the younger generation in other words the ‘youths’ to study hard to become doctors and lawyers? We cannot all be doctors and lawyers for God gave each individual a conscious to help us make right and wrong decisions and to follow our hearts. Education is life itself some would say, but I say education is a high light to life ‘the key to success. Victor Hugo ‘He who opens a school door, closes a prison.’

Human Function: Aristotle’s Basis for Ethical Value Essay -- Philosoph

Human Function: Aristotle’s Basis for Ethical Value I. Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics Depend on the Human Function Aristotle presents a system of virtue ethics in Nicomachean Ethics. This work presents a prescriptive theory with the aim of showing how humans may reach a proper state of happiness in which the natural human end is fulfilled. This end is regarded as an end in itself to which subordinate ends are related. This master end itself is understood as a type of activity rather than a state that can be achieved with a limited series of actions, and this activity is described as a general practice of acting well in accord with reason. The Ethics launches an inquiry into what makes human happiness, or eudaimonia, possible, and Aristotle believes this is the highest good for mankind. Aristotle expresses this good as being the highest end that action reaches for, which is something self-sufficient, and he suggests that to understand action we should understand function. He presents his concept of the human function and says that humans must function well in order to reach the highest good. Funct ioning well is what is understood as virtue, and so his system of virtue ethics is overall concerned with humans functioning well. Functioning well is seen as aiming at a mean between excess and deficiency. The virtue of a thing is understood in terms of its function. A function fulfills a need, and a need is met by being provided the right amount of something but not too much or too little. This is why a craftsman designs goods without excess or deficiency — so that they will function well — and likewise human virtue must be understood as aiming between excess and deficiency. So the Nicomachean Ethics develops a system where all val... ...ve. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1998. Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. David Ross. New York: Oxford University Press, 1925. Irwin, Terence. Aristotle’s First Principles. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Kraut, Richard. Aristotle on the Human Good. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981. Plato. Protagoras. Trans. Stanley Lombardo and Karen Bell. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1992. Reeve, C. D. C. Practices of Reason: Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 1 C. D. C. Reeve, Practices of Reason: Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992) 124. 2 Richard Kraut, Aristotle on the Human Good (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989) 313-16. 3 Reeve 125-26.

Process Costing

A process costing system is a costing system in which the cost of a product or service is obtained by assigning costs to masses of like or similar units. Unit costs are then calculated on an average basis. Process costing systems are used in industries that produce like or similar units which are often mass produced. In these industries, products are manufactured in a very similar way. The companies usually use the same amount of direct materials, direct manufacturing labor costs and manufacturing overhead costs (CliffNotes Study Guide, 1999).Industries that use process costing systems are for example: chemical processing, oil refining, pharmaceuticals, plastics, brick and tile manufacturing, semiconductor chips, beverages and breakfast cereals. The  job order cost system  is used when products are made based on specific customer orders. Each product produced is considered a job. Costs are tracked by job. Services rendered can also be considered a job. Service companies consider the creation of a financial plan by a certified financial planner, or of an estate plan by an attorney, unique jobs.The job order cost system must capture and track by job the costs of producing each job, which includes materials, labor, and overhead in a manufacturing environment (Willkommen, 2000). The difference between job costing and process costing is the extent of averaging used to compute unit costs of product and services. The cost object in job costing is a job that constitutes a distinctly identifiable product or service. The quantity of manufacturing resources is different in any job. It would be incorrect to cost each job at the same average manufacturing cost.So, when like or similar units are mass produced, process costing averages manufacturing costs over all units produced (CliffNotes Study Guide, 1999). The costs of a product are important for inventory calculations, pricing decisions and product profitability analysis. It’s also important for measuring how well the management is done and if costs are reduced effectively. A company I worked for used a hybrid system that used mostly a process costing system and certain aspects of the job order cost system. The system broke down separate material costs, overhead and labor.The system was fairly accurate and helped us maintain a healthy profit and adjust certain aspects of the business as needed. References Accounting Principles II: Job Order Cost System . (1999). CliffsNotes Study Guides . Retrieved July 21, 2012, from http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/Job-Order-Cost-System. topicArticleId-21248,articleId-21222. html Process Costing Systems. (2000). Willkommen in Ralf KA ¶nigs Netzbehausung. Retrieved July 21, 2012, from http://www. koenig-aalen. de/vorstellung/present/pcs. php

How are women portrayed in Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible”? Essay

In Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible†, we are faced with an interesting psychological question: What would happen if the lowest social rank attained power? After all, in the time of the Salem witch trials, women suffered because of their low rank and were expected to submit themselves to men. However, instead of portraying strong female figures, which combat outdated beliefs of a woman’s duty, this play casts women as weak creatures whose only access to power is through dishonesty and manipulation. Although Miller’s portrayal of women seems to fit with the prejudices against them of the time, the family-oriented women who remain honest throughout the play possess less power than the unmarried female teenagers who wantonly sentence people to death. Elizabeth Proctor and Rebecca Nurse are two of the least powerful women in The Crucible, while Abigail Williams relishes her newfound power, attained by accusing innocent citizens of practicing witchcraft. Both Elizabeth and Rebecca dutifully serve their families, and the community that ultimately betrays them. Although Elizabeth never confesses to witchcraft, only the fact that she is pregnant saves her. As the Puritan leaders would never sentence an innocent unborn baby to death, Elizabeth’s life is spared until its birth. Rebecca Nurse, on the other hand, is eventually executed despite the fact that she always presented herself as an upright, God-fearing woman. However, the honest accused were more often than not the ones who lost their lives during both this period and the McCarthy era that the book serves as a commentary on, as they were not willing to confess to a crime they did not commit. For these reasons, one could argue that Miller agreed with the misogynistic prejudices dominant in the 1692 Salem Witch Trials. Women with power only use it for evil; those suppressed by men remain good and honest. Abigail doesn’t adhere to Puritan ideals, instead following her selfish desires; she pursues and seduces Proctor, even though this is a sin for which she should be repentant, according to the Puritanical mindset of the times. The teenage girls who comprise the low social rank who come to power are surprisingly one-dimensional, seemingly driven only by their feelings. Since the play can be read as an allegory to the anti-Communist investigations during the  McCarthy era, perhaps their characters aren’t fully fleshed out because they only serve the play as â€Å"villains†, a parallel to those in the McCarthy era who accused others of being Communists. Miller simply wants to portray them as people who are motivated solely by their own selfish gain. The entire ordeal delivers a misogynistic undertone of a woman’s only interest being a man, as Abigail is willing to sacrifice the lives of innocent people to be with John Proctor. However, at the same time, it underlines the fact that people during the McCarthy era were only interested in benefitting themselves, and had no regard for the consequences of their actions. The prime example of this is Abigail Williams, a main character in the play. She resents Elizabeth Proctor, convinced she is the only thing keeping her apart from John Proctor, with whom she had a secret affair1. In fact, the events in the play are all set in motion by this hatred, as she persuades Tituba to engage in the practice of witchcraft with her and her friends and, after being discovered and accused, realizes that blaming different people of practicing witchcraft can effectively remove them from society, as this is basically a death sentence. She wields this power to deflect all blame onto Tituba and several of Salem’s other second-class citizens. 2 Once reproached by the community for rumors of her adultery, she now accuses them of a far worse sin: devil-worship. One would think this character would require a rich backstory and complex personality; Abigail’s motivation never seems to grow beyond simple jealousy of Proctor’s wife and a desire for revenge against her, with no remorse for the 19 innocent people whom she sentenced to death. Mary Warren serves as a counterpoint to Abigail. Although she causes a lot of harm and sends people to their deaths as well, she does not do so out of malice, but rather because of her weak and subservient nature. She is convinced by Abigail to participate in accusing people of practicing witchcraft, but feels guilty for causing their deaths. When Proctor is furious over the arrest of his wife, she agrees to confess to lying about her accusations, however revokes her confession when Abigail accuses Proctor of witchcraft. Mary always sides with the stronger power, too timid to oppose it, thereby both representing the weak-willed people of Salem and symbolizing the McCarthy era. Ann Putnam isn’t weak, but she is described as weak-minded, introduced as a  twisted soul of forty-five, a death-ridden woman, haunted by dreams.3 Multiple stillbirths have most likely caused this mental instability.4 While other people are trying to ascertain the identities of those involved in witchcraft, she frequently suggests names so that others can blame them, and constantly analyzes other people’s actions.5 She also causes panic through a show of fear and anxiety, as well as using false information to influence others. Lastly, Tituba is part of an even lower social rank than Abigail and her friends, as she is a house slave. Although she admits to practicing witchcraft, her fate is never revealed. This ambiguity over what happens to her emphasizes that whether these girls are witches or not is not actually important. When analyzing all major female characters, it becomes clear that Miller portrays women as behaving rashly and irrationally when they are in a powerful position. Abigail Williams uses it to eliminate enemies, only to attain the love of a man, while Ann Putnam paranoidly accuses people of witchcraft to explain the deaths of her unborn children. Worst of all is Mary Warren, who is so gutless and unable to think for herself, that she just bends to the strongest will.

How to Study the Night Before a Test

How to Study the Night Before a Test Theres no need to feel completely frightened if youve procrastinated until the night before a test to study. Although you wont be able to commit much to long-term memory in a one-night cram session, you can learn enough to pass the test using these techniques. How to Study the Night Before a Test Eat a nutritious meal and prepare a few healthy snacks so you wont need to get up laterSet up in a comfortable spot with your study materials (pencils, note cards, highlighters) and class materials (notes, quizzes, tests, handouts, study guides)Focus for 30 to 45 minutes, then break for 5Take notes and use mnemonic devices to improve recallAim for comprehension over memorizationExplain concepts and ideas to a third partyGet a good nights sleep Physical Needs The brain and the body are linked, so before you sit down to start a study session, its a good idea to take care of your body: go to the bathroom, get some water or tea, and be sure youre dressed in a way that wont distract you (nothing scratchy or stiff). Focus and calm are crucial to studying seriously; to get your body on the same page, try doing some deep breathing and yoga stretches to help you get your mind off any other concerns. Essentially, this prep is meant to get your body to help you, not distract you, so you have no excuses to break your study focus. Snacking during or before studying can be helpful, but choose wisely. The ideal meal is something without a lot of sugar or heavy carbs that can lead to an energy crash. Instead, grab some high-protein grilled chicken or scramble some eggs for dinner, drink green tea with acai, and follow it all with a few bites of dark chocolate. Its always easier to stay on task and process information when your brain has been given what it needs to function properly. The other upside is that by eating something before you begin studying, youll be less tempted to get hungry (and distracted) and quit studying early. To further head off any distracting snack attacks, be prepared ahead of time. When you go to your study area, bring a snack with you. This should be something high in nutrients and mess-free, like mixed nuts, dried fruit, or a protein bar. Avoid highly processed foods like chips, and beware of sneaky foods like granola bars that are full of hidden sugar that will leave you stranded in an hour or so. One Step at a Time Start by getting organized. Get all the materials that relate to the test youre taking- notes, handouts, quizzes, book, projects- and lay them out neatly in a way that makes sense to you. You might organize them by topic, in chronological order, or in some other way that works. Perhaps you like to use color-coded highlighters or stacks of notecards. The point is that theres no one way to organize: You have to find the best system that helps you make connections with the material. By the night before a test, you should already have a good baseline of knowledge on the test topics. That means your goal here is to review and refresh. If your teacher gave you a study guide, start with that, quizzing yourself as you go along. Refer to your other materials if you cant remember an item on the guide, and then write it down. Use mnemonic devices to help you remember bits of information that you wouldnt otherwise, but try to avoid just memorizing everything: its harder to recall straight facts than it is to have a network of connected ideas that you can rely on. If you dont have a study guide or if youve finished going over it, prioritize notes and handouts. Things like dates, names, and vocabulary words are likely to show up on tests, so study those first. After that, review the bigger-picture stuff: material that covers cause-and-effect relationships within the topic area and other ideas that could show up on an essay question. For these, memorization is less important than having a solid enough understanding to explain it back on a written answer. It can seem overwhelming, especially if you have a lot of material to review, so take it slowly. A good rule of thumb is to focus for 30- to 45-minute increments followed by 5-minute breaks. If you try to cram in all the information the night before the test, your brain will overload and youll have to work to regain your focus on studying. This is why its also useful to review for a few days before the test, not just the night before so you can spread out the material and review everything multiple times over of a few separate sessions. Buddy System If you really want to test your understanding of the material, try explaining it to someone who isnt in the class. Get a family member or friend and teach them as much as you can remember. This will let you see how well you understand the concepts and how well you can make connections (to prepare for short-answer or essay questions). If you have a partner or a family member to help you, have them quiz you on the material. As you go, make a list of anything you get stuck on or cant remember. Once youve been quizzed, take your list and study that material repeatedly until youve got it. Finally, write down all your mnemonic devices, important dates, and quick facts on one sheet of paper, so you can refer to it the morning before the big test. Final Preparations Nothing will make you do worse on a test than pulling an all-nighter. You may be tempted to stay up all night and cram in as much as is possible, but by all means, get some sleep the night before. When testing time comes, you wont be able to recall all the information you learned because your brain will be functioning in survival mode. On the morning of the test, make sure to eat a healthy breakfast for plenty of energy. Throughout the morning, run through your review sheet: while youre eating, at your locker, or on the way to class. When it comes time to put the review sheet away and sit down for the test, you can rest easy knowing that youve done everything possible to help your brain get through the test with flying colors.

10 Ways to Stay Positive About Your First Job Out of College

10 Ways to Stay Positive About Your First Job Out of College We’re all so excited at the prospect of graduating and getting our first job out of college. Then we get there and the success feels start to wear off and the tedium of adulthood sets in. We feel a sense of let down. And it’s perfectly normal. You’ve worked hard for so long, but almost all things had an end point- courses, semesters, years, and even schools. Now your whole life is stretching out before you and you have†¦ buyer’s remorse? Boredom? Don’t worry. Your life doesn’t have to be tedious. You’re not done succeeding yet; you’re just beginning. Here are 10 things you can do to stay sharp and make the most of the world of grown-up opportunities. It takes a little longer, and a bit more strategizing, but it will be worth it in the end.1. Be purposefulYes, most people have to work. But if you’re in the privileged position of being able to choose the kind of work you do, that’s huge. Keep track of why youâ⠂¬â„¢re working. What about this field or career makes you passionate. Know your purpose- both for being where you are and for heading in the direction of your particular goal. Hold onto it. The day-to-day tedium won’t touch you.2. Connect with coworkersYes, you’re on the stairway to success. But you will need help along the way. Make friends. Your coworkers might not be your college pals, but you’re going to see a whole lot more of them. Invest in these relationships and they may prove to be invaluable. You’ll all work much better together and will succeed much faster.3. Keep learning new thingsThe difference between this job and college is this: you’re now getting paid to learn. Learn as much as you possibly can and keep looking for the next opportunity to learn. Make your success as much about the journey as the destination.4.  Pick up new skillsSet yourself goals to pick up new skill sets or certifications, or even degrees. Have targets for e very few months and every few years and hold yourself to them. If you commit to learning more and more, you’ll be amazed how much more quickly you succeed.5. Break  up your goalsIf you’re daunted by the future stretching out endlessly before you, break it up. Plot out milestones for yourself. First promotion. First big project. First big client. Fiftieth small victory. This will help you make better narrative sense of your time at this job, and any job, as a stepping stone on your way to greater things.6. Remember that your job funds your hobbiesEven if you’re not 100% fulfilled by your new job and you’d rather be at the movies all afternoon mainlining popcorn, remember that your job funds your fun. When you lose sight of all else, remember that your time at the office makes your social life possible. Save up for special things like trips to make the experience more meaningful.7. Go above and beyondBest way to combat boredom: keep looking for ways to do more. Challenge yourself to get things done before a deadline, or to double your quota, or to go the extra mile on a project. You’ll feel more satisfaction, and your dedication will be noticed, and hopefully rewarded.8. Talk to your bossChecking in regularly with your boss is a great way to keep tangible track of your progress. Having someone else help keep track of your goal-setting and goal-meeting will be useful to keep you dedicated and also to notice when you’re killing it.9. Rethink foreverYou’re sitting at your desk despairing. There’s no end in sight! Reimagine your situation. What if you think of it as endless possibility? An infinite horizon? Think bigger than you have been thinking†¦ and your open-ended forever job won’t feel so terrifying.10. Find a mentorA good mentor can make all the difference in keeping you motivated and focused on what’s most important in the scope of your career. Find someone you admire and respect an d ask them to help shepherd you through your early stages. After all, they blazed this trail before!

Financial institution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial institution - Essay Example The remaining part represents the ‘risk premium’ where the market return earned in excess of the risk free rate is multiplied with the ‘beta’ of the stock. It is essentially the return for bearing additional risk (Investopedia, 2010). If the expected rate of return on a security is more than the required rate of return then the investment in profitable whereas if the expected return is less than the required rate of return then the investment is not profitable. Unlike Mean Variance Portfolio theory the CAPM model rewards for the excess beta or additional risk borne by the investor. Higher the beta higher is the compensation required by the security. As per this model a higher ‘standard deviation’ does not mean a higher return as ‘beta’ is the measure of risk under CAPM and not ‘standard deviation’. In the CAPM world an investor is rewarded for bearing the risk that cannot be diversified. This is referred as ‘syste matic risk’ captured by the beta of the stock. An investor is not awarded for bearing any nondiversifiable risk i.e. unsystematic risk captured by the standard deviation of the stock. In other words the investors are rewarded for bearing the risk that cannot be diversified away. This is also referred as ‘market risk’ (Sigman, 2005). Assumptions under CAPM- The first assumption under this model is that the transaction costs do not exist. This means that the purchase or sale of an asset does not require any cost. The second assumption is that the CAPM model assumes all assets to be infinitely divisible. This implies that an investor can take a position in the market irrespective of their wealth position. There exists no ‘personal income tax’. This implies that an investor is not influenced by the nature of gain whether it is in the form of capital gain or dividend. There exists perfect competition. This means that a person cannot influence the stock pr ice by going long or short in it. The investors base their investment decisions on the standard deviations of returns and expected value on their investment portfolio. There is no limit on short selling. CAPM also assumes that there is unlimited lending and investing at the risk free rate. CAPM assumes homogeneous market expectations. The last assumption is marketability of all assets (Elton, et al., 2009, p.283). Beta Co-efficient The beta is the sensitivity of stock return to the market return. Higher the beta higher is the risk associated with the stock. Gitman (2006) states that beta is â€Å"a measure of non-diversifiable risk† i.e. it measures the return on asset with reference to the market return. Ideally the beta of a stock should be â€Å"forward-looking† and measured with respect to the whole market, whereas in practice this is based on historical returns and the stock index acts as a proxy for ‘market return’ (Kurschner, 2008, p. 3). Suppose th e beta of Stock A is 2. In the event of a 10% rise or fall in the market the price of Stock A will rise or fall by 20% respectively. Stocks with a beta of more than one are referred as ‘aggressive stock’ and stocks with a beta of less than one are referred as ‘defensive stock’. One can invest in aggressive stocks in times of market upswings and such stocks must be avoided in times of uncertain market conditions. In short the beta co-efficient of a stock measures the volatility in the return of a stock with respect to the market benchmark. Criticism of CAPM The assumptions of CAPM

Qualitative Methods in Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Qualitative Methods in Research - Case Study Example Exeter City Council is unhappy on certain counts about the way in which the festival is being conducted. The Council is interested to find out which events of the festival is being liked by the visitors, and what improvements in the opinion of the visitors must be done to make the festival more effective from the cultural and economic point of view. The Council is un-desirous of using the questionnaire survey method. It is interested in engaging some social research method that can provide an in-depth analysis of the views and opinions of the visitors and on that basis want to devise new programmes for conducting the festival in the future. In general the qualitative research is being supported by different research methods such as ethnography, participant observation, direct observation, unstructured interviewing, case studies, content analysis, and focus groups. The method of ethnography is used normally in research issues connected with the anthropological issues where the method entails an extended period of participant observation, it is considered unsuitable for this study. ... (2) To outline the programme of research for the method selected to do the research and also to detail the features of the research method that makes it suitable for the study (3) To present the final report to the City Council on the recommendations of the research method and the ways in which the qualitative data can be interpreted 4.0 Method In general the qualitative research is being supported by different research methods such as ethnography, participant observation, direct observation, unstructured interviewing, case studies, content analysis, and focus groups. The method of ethnography is used normally in research issues connected with the anthropological issues where the method entails an extended period of participant observation, it is considered unsuitable for this study. Next came in to consideration is the research based on more or less exclusive interviews which is considered as a better alternative for the collection of qualitative data. However interviewing, the transcription of the interviews and the process of analysing the transcripts are all very time consuming. Hence the focus groups and group interviewing is considered as the best suitable method for conducting the research for gathering the qualitative data for advising the Exeter City Council on the possible issues in conducting the festival in the perspective of the visitors. 4.1 Focus Groups Academic literature has provided various definitions to the term 'focus group'. The following are some of the important elements which the focus group method has contributed to the field of social research: Organised discussion (Kitzinger, 1994) Collective

The Acceptability of Torture and Some Viable Alternative Solutions Term Paper

The Acceptability of Torture and Some Viable Alternative Solutions - Term Paper Example Despite the fact that several people criticize acts of torture, I believe that if torture helps to obtain information to save people’s lives, then it is practically good and that torture is justifiable as long as it fulfills this purpose. Despite the fact that several critics of torture would condemn it by calling it â€Å"abhorrent† and by justifying it in a rather simplistic way – that â€Å"making people suffer is a horrible thing [and that] pain hurts and bad pain hurts badly,† there is no denying that torture serves a rather good purpose (Luban 1429). Levin was right in saying that compared to torture, â€Å"mass murder is far more barbaric,† and that governments that do not resort to torture commit â€Å"moral cowardice† and eventually sacrifices innocent lives in favor of one whose life they do not want to be accused of taking (824). In Levin’s essay entitled â€Å"The Case for Torture,† he reiterates that in the case of a ticking time bomb incident, where it is only torture that would serve as the final resort for the authorities to obtain information from a captured terrorist about the location of a time bomb about to explode, the idea of using torture is indeed justified (824). This is indeed perfectly logical for there is no other way for anyone to be able to detect the bomb except by torturing the captive and making him admit where it is. Although the chances of the captured terrorist revealing the exact location may not be 100%, at least there was some hope of finding out where the bomb is. Moreover, even if such a procedure has failed, the government would not have to bear the burden of guilt from not having done anything to stop the explosion. People may criticize a government for failing to rescue hostages. However, there must be greater criticism intended for governments that did not do anything to come up with a rescue plan for hostages on the basis of their decision not to torture and vi olate the human rights of the captured terrorist bomber. The point here is not about the idea of criticism, and it is not that governments have the moral duty to avoid criticism. The point is that governments have the duty to protect its citizens and any negligence of this duty is tantamount to severe criticism and a violation of the human right of the citizens to live. Besides, a government that is bent more on protecting the rights of perpetrators more than the rights of victims must be one which is considered tyrannical, and when people lose their respect for the government – no matter how unjustifiable the basis for such loss of respect is – there is no reason not to expect anarchy. The ultimate end result, therefore, although hypothetical, would be the destruction of human society. If people do not feel like the government is doing its best to protect their lives, interests, and safety, then there must be no reason for them to continue believing in the integrity o f this government. Such resentment and loss of faith would eventually foster dissent and rebellion. Krauthammer may criticize torture as an act which we take when we â€Å"descend to the level of our enemy† and one which is against â€Å"our nature as a moral and humane people,† but I believe that the words â€Å"moral† and â€Å"humane† are but ethical labels or at best mere generalizations (829).

Change Management Compulsion Or An Option British Airways Business Essay

Change Management Compulsion Or An Option British Airways Business Essay There is a famous saying stated by an unknown author The only thing that is constant is change (Berman, 2007). With the current changing customer requirements and external environment necessities, organisations which behave as closed systems and do not constantly change themselves to fit the market requirements and customer demands will fail in the long term (Harigopal, 2006). Organisational change is an ongoing process which brings the systems and procedures of the organisation in line with the factors prevailing in the external and internal environment of the organisation (Nemetz and Fry, 1998). As business management gurus argue, external forces of change require not only adaptive, flexible organisations and new management approaches but also competent managers able to adopt to changing times and to manage organisational change (Beckhard and Harris, 1987). It is essential to understand how organisations in the real world implement and deal with organisational change. One such organisation which has implemented various change methodologies in the past few years in response to the changing business environment is British Airways. British Airways is the UKs flag carrier and one of the largest airlines in the world. Like many large organisations, the airline has had to change its strategy, technology, structure and culture in order to achieve competitive advantage in todays rapidly changing global business world. 1.2 Aims Objectives of Research The main objective and strategic aim of this study is to explore the role and significance of Change Management in this era of globalization and changing market needs by taking the case study of British Airways in specific. Research Question- The primary research question of this research study is: To explore the extent to which change management is necessary for a firm to achieve sustainable competitive advantage? Additionally, the secondary research question is to examine the change management initiatives previously taken by British Airways to attain competitive advantage and profitability. 1.3 Literature Review This chapter will highlight the various aspects of change management. It will use academic research to understand the concept of change management by looking at its definition and determining the various approaches of change management. It will then describe the framework for change and various change management initiatives taken by organisations. The various change models will also be listed and analysed and the organisational background of British Airways will be provided along with a SWOT analysis of the organisation. 1.4 Methodology This chapter will determine the methodology used to conduct this research and the reasons for various data collection methods chosen. It will also look into the philosophical aspects of the research study. 1.5 Research Findings and Discussion During this chapter the researcher has analysed the findings and compared these with the literature review and methodology to establish the extent to which change management is necessary for an organisation to sustain competitive advantage and the role and significance of Change Management initiatives taken by British Airways to attain profitability. 1.6 Conclusion The last chapter is the Recommendations and Conclusion chapter. This chapter will list the recommendations generated from the research study findings while also bringing to light the limitations of the research study. The references used and the research related appendices will then be presented at the end of the research study. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review This chapter will review the existing literature on change management. It is important to understand current research on the subject area, to enable the reader to understand the nature of the existing knowledge of the subject (Denscombe 1998, p.15). Specifically, this literature review will focus on the following issues; Firstly, it will determine the definition of change and list the various types from the typology of change. Secondly it will describe the framework for the change process, generic model of change and the various change management diagnostic models are discussed. Thirdly the importance of communication in Change Management is explained. Fourthly the SWOT analysis is also described along with the various change initiatives taken by organisations in the aviation industry. 2.1 Typology of Change Change in academics is defined as the substitution or succession of one thing in place of another. As per research studies conducted, it is identified that the patterns of change repeats and is recurring in every industry. These patterns of change constitute of incremental and radical changes. The increasing frequency of these patterns of change in various industries over the past couple of decades has necessitated for organisations to predict the pattern of changes in their external industry environment so that they are better equipped with the resources and capabilities required to embark upon change and maintain their competitive advantage. A typology of change was developed by Nadler and Tushman to outline the various abilities of organisations to predict the patterns of change in the external industry environment. They have divided the ability to predict changes into two types of proactive and reactive while listing the scope of change as being transformational or incremental in nature. The typology of change is created by Nadler and Tushman by developing a matrix of the type and scope of change. They have differentiated the change strategy among organisations into four types of fine tuning, adaptation, re-orientation and re-creation. These strategies have been described in the following paragraphs (Hayes, 2007 and Chaffey, 2006). The first two changes of fine tuning and adaptation in organisations which occur are incremental changes. Fine tuning is the change process where organisations are proactive and will try to fill in the inefficiencies and gaps internal to the company when compared to the changing external environments which act as reducing agents to the effective performance of the business processes of the organisation. Adaptation is a reactive change process where the organisations have to make changes to their internal processes after they have felt a threat in their competitive position due to the changes made in the organisation. These changes are limited and do not affect the core functions or business processes of the organisation but are targeted towards reducing or removing the threats from the external environment and competition in an effective manner (Cook, Macaulay Coldicott, 2004). The two changes although occur for a long duration, are only basic changes and do not impact the fundament al aspects in which the organisations operations work (Hayes, 2007). The change processes of re-orientation and re-creation are both transformational in nature since they impact the fundamental operations of change. They occur when the need for change is vital to survive (Poole Van de Ven, 2004). The re-orientation change process in organisations basically requires organisations to change or re-define their existing corporate or business strategy (Chaffey, 2006 and Hayes, 2007). This change is conducted for two reasons. The first is to pro-actively prepare the organisation for the future changing external environment or to change the external environment itself by innovation such that the core competency of the organisation is increased over its competitors (Hayes, 2007 Potter, 2004). In Re-orientation, since there is no external threat to the organisation and it is being pro-active, it is difficult for the employee workforce to understand the need for such a drastic radical change. This change process requires the management of the organisation to create a sense of urgency and a necessity for change among the organisational employees so that the change process can be enforced. Otherwise it is difficult for organisations to implement this change. The last type of change process is Re-creation. This is a forced change and is transformational in nature. This type of change is implemented by organisations when they feel they need to change their core operations in order to sustain in the changed external environment. In most scenarios, the success of these re-creation changes can determine the survival of the organisation. These changes however are high risk changes since the organisations do not plan these changes ahead and do not, in most scenarios, have the required time and resources for their successful implementation. The change impact is mostly lower than expected for many reasons such as low involvement and motivation among employees, inadequate readiness in management etc. This change if not tackled effectively can lead to employee resistance and de-motivations (Chaffey, 2006 and Hayes, 2007). 2.2 Framework of Change The framework of change as developed by Lewin (1951) constitutes of the same three steps in all change processes. These steps are unfreeze, change and refreeze. Unfreeze is where the organisation tries to create an urgency for change so that the employees and the management are ready for change. Change, as the name indicates, is the second stage where the change occurs. Freeze is the final stage where the change made is now ensured to become part of the organisation. As per the framework, every change process has a higher level of uncertainty leading to resistance among employees. However, certain techniques can be adopted in order to avoid this resistance. One of these techniques is to introduce additional steps such as identifying the future state prior to implementing the framework of change (Weick Quinn, 1999). There have been many new models which have evolved in the past few years which have tried to add more steps or make modifications to this model. One of them is the generi c model of change created by (Hayes and Hyde, 1998) however, the general concept and baseline in all these change models is still the same. The generic model of change signifies the change process to be continuous in nature. It states that the change results of one process act as the triggering factor for some new required changes. Change process begins by determining the internal inefficiencies and improper capabilities of the internal organisation and the external environment in the industry the organisation operates in and using this gathered information to develop the new organisations strategy. This new strategy will now automatically implement the new anticipated change in the organisation (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2008). The ability to determine the correct strategy is the most crucial step in any change process since an incorrect change strategy can also be implemented successfully however it will not deliver the same benefits and fill in the required market inefficiencies as required and the overall change process can in turn be a failure (Buttrick, 2005). After looking at the above studies, the change process is modified as below. The initial aspect of the change process is now moved to identifying the resources required to implement the change process and the various techniques which can be used further to begin unfreezing the organisation. While this is being done, the organisations inefficiencies and gaps with the external environment are determined in order to develop the change strategy. This change strategy is designed that such that it achieves the anticipated future state of the organisation and reviewed to make any modification such that it is aligned towards realising the future state. The next step is to create a change plan before directly implementing the change. This change plan is implemented on a step by step basis and upon completion of each step, it is reviewed to determine if it is still aligned or the future state and rectify any identified deviations. Once this is completed and the future state is realised by the organisation, new techniques in order to merge this change with the organisations culture will be implemented. This is when the final stage of refreezing appears and the success or failure of the change process and the involved resources is determined. It is also used to collect feedback of the change process and reward the resources who had performed effectively towards achieving the future state (Jones, 2008). This generic model of change created by Hayes Hyde in 1998 and the change framework developed by Lewin in 1951 are both effective models which can used to implement change. However, both these models ignore one crucial aspect of change management which plays a vital role in the success of any change event, people management. Without effective people management, it is impossible to implement change in any organisation successfully. 2.3 Change Management Models There are various models which can be used to diagnose the success of a change event or the need for a change event. These models reduce the overall change process into a few key factors which need to be taken into consideration while implementing the change process in any organisation. They allow the management to determine the key aspects from both the process and the people perspective which need to be looked into. This in-turn increases the ability of change managers firstly to implement the change process successfully and secondly to evaluate its success and take necessary actions (Hayes, 2007). One of these models is the McKinsey 7S model. This model divides the change process diagnosis into seven elements which can be used to determine the existing internal environment status in a firm. These seven elements are strategy, structure, systems, staff, style, shared values and skills. The internal organisational efficiency of an organisation is determined successfully using this model and its results can be used to develop the internal strategy of the organisation (Saunders, 2007). This model can be used to develop change initiative programmes in organisations and develop a strategy which will achieve the overall internal fit in the firm however, it cannot be used to determine a fit between the internal capabilities of the organisation and the external environment in which it operates leading to a necessity for another model which takes this into consideration (Burke Litwin, 1992). The model which takes this into consideration is The Burke-Litwin causal model of organisational performance and change. This model is used for many purposes such as to identify the type of change implemented, whether it is incremental step-by-step change or a radical change or to determine the overall effect of using change management procedures in organisations while determining the performance of these management initiatives. This model constitutes of various elements which are crucial for a change process. The input element is the organisational performance and the output element is the individual and organisational performance. The other factors in the model are the through-put of the model. The models elements are further divided into two types of factors. The five factors of external environment, leadership, mission and strategy, organisational culture and the individual and organisational performance are the transformational factors while the remaining factors are the increme ntal factors. They are distinguished so based on the ability of the factors to influence the type of change. One of the successful applications of this model was to determine the success and performance on the change processes implemented in British Airways in the year 1983 (Burke Litwin, 1992). (Burke Litwin, 1992). This model will again be used in this study to determine the performance and effectiveness of the change management strategies used in British Airways in the past year. 2.4 Communication in Change Management: One of the key aspects of any change process in terms of people management is communication. If the communication is ineffective or missing, then the employee resistance to embrace the change only increases further. The communication strategies used by various organisations are different and this determines the amount of information shared by them with their employee workforce. Another factor which affects this amount of information shared with the employees is the managements personal views and understanding on the subject of change management and importance of communication. The Spray and Pray strategy used by management is where the information provided to employees is not considered or evaluated by the management to determine if it is actually relevant to them or not. This sort of communication can allow the vital and relevant information to be buried under irrelevant and not so vital information and reduce the overall necessary impact of communication on the employees. The manag ement which chooses to share the relevant information with their employees and also provides them with the various benefits of the change implemented to these employees use the communication strategy of Tell and Sell. In this scenario, the communication effectiveness is higher than the previous strategy and the amount of the information shared is lower. One of the most effective communication strategies which can be adopted by management in any change organisation is the Underscore and explore strategy where the information is provided to employee workforce in exact reference to the change situation and the various inputs provided by the management are considered at the same time. This ensures that the employees feel to be a part of the change being implemented and reduce their overall employee resistance. In the other two communication strategies of Identify and reply and withhold and uphold, the information shared with the employees is not adequate and the management withholds som e crucial elements of information which can increase the employee resistance to accept change. The below diagram represents the various communication strategies in accordance with the communication effectiveness and the amount of information shared by the management (Clampitt, DeKoch and Cashman, 2000). Figure-2 : Communication Strategy Continuum   (Clampitt, DeKoch and Cashman, 2000) 2.5 SWOT Analysis To determine the inner fit of an organisation with an external environment, one of the techniques which have proven successful on numerous occasions is the SWOT analysis. This SWOT analysis is divided into two segments, the internal factors segment which constitutes of the strengths and the weaknesses of the organisation and the external factors segment which constitutes of the opportunities and threats presented by the external environment in reference to the organisation. The role of strengths and opportunities is to determine the internal capabilities and inefficiencies of the business processes and the employee talent of the organisation. The role of opportunities and threats is to determine the external environment that the organisation is functioning in and find ways in which it can either support or act as a danger to the organisations functions. Once these are determined, it is then determined how the internal strengths of the organisation can be used to benefit from the exte rnal opportunities of the industry environment. The weaknesses are also looked into to determine if there is a possibility to change into a threat and how this movement can be avoided. The threats are looked at from the perspective of changing them into opportunities or reducing their possible impact on the organisation. The weaknesses are also worked upon in a similar way, to reduce their impacts and risks to the organisation or to remove them altogether by changing them into opportunities (Briggs, 2001). 2.6 Change Management in Organisations in the Aviation Industry: Some of the change initiatives which have been experienced by organisations in the Aviation industry are the privatisation of companies such as Qantas airlines. This happened at the same time as most industries in various nations were moving towards privatisation and de-regulation while moving away from the shadows of the public sector. The change process was rapid and radical in nature. Another change in the aviation industry which was not just restricted to one organisation was the agreement of global alliances among the various international and domestic airlines in the global market. This changed the structure and process of operations in the Aviation industry while also bringing in harmony the use of labour and the strategies adopted by management across various airlines in the industry (Fairbrother, 2002). Another change initiative which was related across airline companies was the use of part time and casual employees so that they can benefit from using them when required and paying them only for the number of hours employed. This has allowed them to reduce the overall labour costs however, in most airline companies; most of the part time employees did work overtime just as much as full time employees leading to no change in the overall labour costs (Dawson, 2003). The privatisation of the airlines is not just limited to Qantas airlines but has increased further to British Airways, Lufthansa, Air France, KLM etc (Delfmann, 2005). An additional change management initiative is the collaborative effects among most airline companies to ensure a reduction in the carbon footprint overall and thus support the climate change initiatives along with the various other industries and governments (Bishop Grayling, 2003). Steve this is the other introduction to the research study I written, but Im unsure if this is perhaps too current as it relates to the current global economic recession. Could you advise if it is maybe best to delete the information I have highlighted in bold and continue with the original introduction I have written on page 3. Introduction to the research study There is a famous saying stated by an unknown author The only think that is constant is change (Berman, 2007). With the current changing customer requirements and external environment necessities, organisations which behave as the closed systems that do not constantly change themselves to fit the market requirements and customer demands will fail in the longer terms (Harigopal, 2006). The punctuated paradigms irregularities frequency has increased over the past decade implying that the change in organisations is not as fast or as paced as the change in external environments which in-turn is increasing the gaps between the customer requirements and products/services provided by organisations (Hayes, 2007). This has made it crucial to study the significance of change management internally in organisations so that this building gap can be reduced and organisations can benefit from these constant changes through adapting their culture. The recent economic recession and credit crunch with a decreasing GDP rate across the United Kingdom in 2008-09 (Statistics, 2009) has forced organisations to find new ways to reduce costs for the products and services generated by them so that they can survive in this difficult climate. Organisations responses to these necessary changes being forced upon them is being tackled using various techniques such as economies of scale (Grant, 2005), internal re-structuring and creating new operational processes which will reduce their operational and maintenance costs. This in-turn has led to need for effective change management in such organisations so that the changes implemented are widely accepted by the workforce which in-turn ensures that success from the implemented change techniques are achieved (Cameron Green, 2008). One such organisation which has implemented various change methodologies in the past few years in response to the changing industry environment is British Airways. The organisation like many others has undergone some changes in their strategy, technology, structure and cultural aspects in order to survive in the changing environment and maintain the organisations core competency. British Airways will be used as a case study in this research study in order to achieve the aims and objectives of the research study. Many literatures focus on change management in organisations enforced due to various reasons and either at the beginning or at the end of the change management procedures being implemented. However, most of these researches have not taken into consideration the change management forced by external environments due to an economic recession especially since this scenario is not very common or recurring constantly. This research will contribute to the existing literature by using economic recession as one of the external factors leading to implementing changes in the airline industry. This research study will attempt to act as a guide to further researches who wish to identify the necessity for effective change management in the airline industry organisation especially when the external contributing factor is the economic recession. Sharon, This is a very well written first draft of your dissertation. I think there are some very good elements but there are also quite long passages where there are no references cited. I think if you do a little more reading and address these gaps then you will have the basis of a very good literature review. Steve